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DIY robot concept

How to make a robot vacuum

A simple round floor robot with bumper sensors, cliff sensors, suction fan, brush motor and random-bounce cleaning. Honest DIY alternative to understanding Roomba basics.

Making a robot vacuum is not hard if you copy first-generation Roomba behavior instead of trying to recreate a lidar-mapping product. The simplest useful design randomly bounces around a room, detects cliffs and walls, runs a brush and pulls dust into a small bin with a centrifugal fan.

The suction system is the mechanical core. A tiny axial fan will not work; you need a blower-style centrifugal fan and a sealed air path. The brush matters more than suction on hard floors, because it lifts hair and crumbs into the airflow. Keep the dust bin small and removable so you can iterate.

Navigation can start with two bumper switches and three IR cliff sensors. Add wheel encoders later for coverage estimates. Mapping is optional; the first milestone is a robot that cleans under one table without falling down stairs or eating cables.

Core parts

DC gear motors with encoders (2x)

$24

Drive wheels with optional odometry

Centrifugal blower fan

$18

12V vacuum fan, not a PC fan

Brush roller motor

$8

Small geared motor for front brush

ESP32 controller

$8

Main controller with Wi-Fi debug UI

TB6612FNG or DRV8833 drivers

$8

Motor drivers for wheels and brush

Bumper switches

$4

Left/right collision detection

Design variants

No-suction sweeper

Drop the blower and use only a brush tray. Much quieter and easier for classrooms.

Lidar mapping version

Add an RPLidar A1 and Raspberry Pi for SLAM, but expect software complexity to dominate.

Pet hair version

Use a silicone fin brush and larger dust bin so hair does not jam the roller.

Practical safety note

Treat the generated output as a prototype plan, not a certified product. Body-adjacent, high-voltage, optical-energy and mobility builds need qualified review before real-world use.

FAQ

Can it replace a commercial vacuum?

No. It is a learning platform. A commercial Roomba wins on seals, dust bin design and reliability.

What fan should I use?

Use a centrifugal blower rated for static pressure. Axial fans move air but do not pull through a filter.

Do I need lidar?

No for a first build. Random bounce plus bumpers teaches the core mechanics.

How do I stop cable tangles?

Add current sensing on the brush motor and reverse briefly when current spikes.

Turn this concept into a sourced build

Start with this prompt prefilled, then let RoboHub generate the live parts list, wiring plan, CAD and firmware.

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